add two first valid sequences

This commit is contained in:
Jeff Lance 2023-08-21 16:12:34 +02:00
parent 69bf3b6387
commit 2db6555139
46 changed files with 10729 additions and 0 deletions

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// préambule asymptote
usepackage("amsmath,amssymb");
usepackage("inputenc","utf8");
usepackage("icomma");
import lib_jl;
unitsize(1cm,1cm);
limits(-5.5,5.5);
ylimits(-5.5,5.5);
xaxis(BottomTop,xmin=-5.5,xmax=5.5,Ticks("%",extend=true,Step=1),p=linewidth(1pt)+gray(0)+dotted);
yaxis(LeftRight,ymin=-5.5,ymax=5.5,Ticks("%",extend=true,Step=1),p=linewidth(1pt)+gray(0)+dotted);
real F(real x) {return 1/10*x^3+1/10*x^2-1/5*x+1;}
draw(graph(F,-6,6,n=400),linewidth(1pt)+red+solid);
real G(real x) {return 0.3*(x-1)+1;}
draw(graph(G,-6,6,n=400),linewidth(1pt)+darkblue+solid);
xlimits(-5.5,5.5,Crop);
ylimits(-5.5,5.5,Crop);
xaxis(axis=YEquals(0),xmin=-5.5,xmax=5.5,Ticks(scale(.7)*Label(),beginlabel=true,endlabel=true,begin=true,end=true,NoZero,Step=1,Size=1mm),p=linewidth(1pt)+black,Arrow(2mm),true);
yaxis(axis=XEquals(0),ymin=-5.5,ymax=5.5,Ticks(scale(.7)*Label(),beginlabel=true,endlabel=true,begin=true,end=true,NoZero,Step=1,Size=1mm),p=linewidth(1pt)+black,Arrow(2mm),true);
label(scale(1.25)*"$\mathcal{C}_f$", (4,5));
label(scale(1.25)*"$\mathcal{T}$", (4,2), N);
shipout(bbox(0.1cm,0.1cm,white));

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Courbes>
<UnitX>1</UnitX>
<Xmin>-3.5</Xmin>
<Xmax>10.5</Xmax>
<UnitY>1</UnitY>
<Ymin>-.75</Ymin>
<Ymax>8.5</Ymax>
<GradX>1</GradX>
<GradY>1</GradY>
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<GrilleY>1</GrilleY>
<Axes>1</Axes>
<Labels>1</Labels>
<Repere>0</Repere>
<Grille>1</Grille>
<Supplement></Supplement>
<Fonctions>x^2#sqrt(x)</Fonctions>
<Varmins>-4#0</Varmins>
<Varmaxs>11#11</Varmaxs>
<Couleurs>noir#noir</Couleurs>
<Styles>ligne#ligne</Styles>
</Courbes>

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@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
// préambule asymptote
usepackage("amsmath,amssymb");
usepackage("inputenc","utf8");
usepackage("icomma");
import lib_jl;
unitsize(1cm,1cm);
xlimits(-5,5);
ylimits(-5,3);
xaxis(BottomTop,xmin=-5,xmax=5,Ticks("%",extend=true,Step=1),p=linewidth(1pt)+gray(0)+dotted);
yaxis(LeftRight,ymin=-5,ymax=3,Ticks("%",extend=true,Step=1),p=linewidth(1pt)+gray(0)+dotted);
real F(real x) {return log(x+1);}
draw(graph(F,-0.9999999999,6,n=400),linewidth(1.5pt)+black+solid);
point pA=(-1,-1), pB=(-1,1);
draw(line(pA,pB),linewidth(1.5pt)+red+dashed);
label(rotate(90)*"$\boldsymbol{ x=-1 }$", (-1,-4)-.5, fontsize(12pt)+red);
xlimits(-5,5,Crop);
ylimits(-5,5,Crop);
xaxis(axis=YEquals(0),xmin=-5,xmax=5,Ticks(scale(.7)*Label(),beginlabel=true,endlabel=true,begin=true,end=true,NoZero,Step=10,Size=1mm),p=linewidth(1pt)+black,Arrow(2mm),true);
yaxis(axis=XEquals(0),ymin=-5,ymax=3,Ticks(scale(.7)*Label(),beginlabel=true,endlabel=true,begin=true,end=true,NoZero,Step=1,Size=1mm),p=linewidth(1pt)+black,Arrow(2mm),true);
shipout(bbox(0.1cm,0.1cm,white));

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@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
// préambule asymptote
usepackage("amsmath,amssymb");
usepackage("inputenc","utf8");
usepackage("icomma");
import lib_jl;
unitsize(0.5cm,0.125cm);
xlimits(-3,6);
ylimits(-20,20);
xaxis(BottomTop,xmin=-3,xmax=6,Ticks("%",extend=true,Step=1),p=linewidth(1pt)+gray(.8)+dotted);
yaxis(LeftRight,ymin=-20,ymax=20,Ticks("%",extend=true,Step=1),p=linewidth(1pt)+gray(.8)+dotted);
real F(real x) {return 2/(x-3)+5;}
draw(graph(F,-4,2.999999,n=400),linewidth(1.5pt)+black+solid);
real G(real x) {return 2/(x-3)+5;}
draw(graph(G,3.000001,6,n=400),linewidth(1.5pt)+black+solid);
point pA=(3,-10), pB=(3,10);
draw(line(pA,pB),linewidth(1.5pt)+red+dashed);
label(rotate(90)*"$\boldsymbol{x=3}$", (3,-10)+.5, fontsize(8pt)+red);
point pA=(-3,5), pB=(3,5);
draw(line(pA,pB),linewidth(1.5pt)+heavygreen+dashed);
label("$\boldsymbol{y=5}$", (-2,6), fontsize(8pt)+heavygreen);
xlimits(-3,6,Crop);
ylimits(-20,20,Crop);
xaxis(axis=YEquals(0),xmin=-3,xmax=6,Ticks(scale(.4)*Label(),beginlabel=true,endlabel=true,begin=true,end=true,NoZero,Step=1,Size=1mm),p=linewidth(1pt)+black,Arrow(2mm),true);
yaxis(axis=XEquals(0),ymin=-20,ymax=20,Ticks(scale(.4)*Label(),beginlabel=true,endlabel=true,begin=true,end=true,NoZero,Step=10,Size=1mm),p=linewidth(1pt)+black,Arrow(2mm),true);
shipout(bbox(0.1cm,0.1cm,white));

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// préambule asymptote
usepackage("amsmath,amssymb");
usepackage("inputenc","utf8");
usepackage("icomma");
import lib_jl;
unitsize(1cm,1cm);
xlimits(-2,7);
ylimits(-3,5);
xaxis(BottomTop,xmin=-2,xmax=7,Ticks("%",extend=true,Step=1),p=linewidth(1pt)+gray(0)+dotted);
yaxis(LeftRight,ymin=-3,ymax=5,Ticks("%",extend=true,Step=1),p=linewidth(1pt)+gray(0)+dotted);
real F(real x) {return x-3+1/x;}
draw(graph(F,-0.9999999999,8,n=400),linewidth(1.5pt)+black+solid);
real G(real x) {return x-3;}
draw(graph(G,-0.9999999999,8,n=400),linewidth(1.5pt)+red+solid+dashed);
label(rotate(45)*"$\boldsymbol{ y = x-3 }$", (5,2)+.5, fontsize(12pt)+red);
xlimits(-2,7,Crop);
ylimits(-3,5,Crop);
xaxis(axis=YEquals(0),xmin=-2,xmax=7,Ticks(scale(.7)*Label(),beginlabel=true,endlabel=true,begin=true,end=true,NoZero,Step=10,Size=1mm),p=linewidth(1pt)+black,Arrow(2mm),true);
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shipout(bbox(0.1cm,0.1cm,white));

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% !TeX root = prof_-_etude_de_fonction_-_2023.1.tex
\partie{Rappels : dérivation}
\sspartie{Nombre dérivé, tangente}
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{2}
\noindent
On considère une fonction $f$ définie sur un intervalle $I$, sa courbe représentative $\ronde{C}_f$ dans un repère orthogonal, et un réel $a$ dans $I$.
Si $\ronde{C}_f$ admet une tangente $\mathsf{T}$ au point d'abscisse $a$ non parallèle à l'axe des abscisses, on dit que $f$ est dérivable en $a$.
Le coefficient directeur de la tangente $\mathsf{T}$ au point $a$ est le nombre dérivé $f^{\prime}(a)$.\\\\
\columnbreak
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=.6]{fig1.pdf}
\end{center}
\end{multicols}
\medskip
\begin{propriete}[équation de la tangente]
La tangente $\mathsf{T}$ à $\ronde{C}_f$ au point de coordonnées $\coord{a, f(a)}$ a pour équation $y = f^{\prime}(a)(x - a) + f(a)$.
\end{propriete}
\sspartie{Fonction dérivée et dérivées usuelles}
\noindent
On dit que la fonction \textbf{$\boldsymbol{f}$ est dérivable sur l'intervalle $I$} si elle est dérivable en tout point $a$ de $I$.\\
\noindent
La \textbf{fonction dérivée de $\boldsymbol{f}$} est notée $f^{\prime}$ et correspond à la fonction qui à tout réel $x$ de $I$, associe le nombre $f^{\prime}(x)$.
\medskip
\ssspartie{Dérivées des fonctions usuelles}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabularx}{.7\textwidth}{| C{4.5cm} | >{\centering\arraybackslash}X | C{4.5cm} |}
\hline
\textbf{\small$ \boldsymbol{f(x)} $} & \textbf{\footnotesize est dérivable sur ...}\vspace{.2em} & \textbf{\small$ \boldsymbol{f^{\prime}(x)} $} \\
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex} $ k $ (constante) & $ \mathbb{R} $ & \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{5ex}$ 0 \vspace{1ex}$ \\
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex}$ x $ & $ \mathbb{R} $ & \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{5ex}$ 1 \vspace{1ex}$ \\
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex}$ x^n $$ n \ge 1 $ & $ \mathbb{R} $& \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{5ex}$ nx^{n-1} $\vspace{1ex} \\
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex}$ \dfrac{1}{x} $ & $ \mathbb{R}^{*} $& \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{5ex}$ -\dfrac{1}{x^2} $\vspace{1ex} \\
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex}$ \sqrt{x} $ & $ ]0\; ;\; +\infty[ $ & \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{5ex}$ \dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{x}} $\vspace{1ex} \\
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex}$ \ln x $ & $]0\ ;\ +\infty[$ & \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{5ex}$\dfrac1{x}$\vspace{1ex} \\
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex}$ \e^{x} $ & $\R$ & \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{5ex}$\e^{x}$\vspace{1ex} \\
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex}$ \cos x $ & $\R$ & \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{5ex}$-\sin x$\vspace{1ex} \\
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex}$ \sin x $ & $\R$ & \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{5ex}$\cos x$\vspace{1ex} \\
\hline
\end{tabularx}
\end{center}
\ssspartie{Opérations sur les fonctions dérivées}
\noindent
On considère $u$ et $v$ deux fonctions dérivables sur un intervalle $I$ de $\R$.
\begin{center}
\begin{tabularx}{.7\textwidth}{| C{4.5cm} | >{\centering\arraybackslash}X | C{4.5cm} |}
\hline
\textbf{$ \boldsymbol{f} $} & \textbf{\footnotesize est dérivable ...}\vspace{.2em} & \textbf{$ \boldsymbol{f^{\prime}} $} \\
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex}$ k \times u $ ($k$ constante)& sur $I$ & \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{5ex}$ k \times u' $\vspace{1ex} \\
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex}$ u + v $ & sur $I$ & \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{5ex}$ u' + v' $\vspace{1ex} \\
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex}$ u \times v $ & sur $I$ & \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{5ex}$ u' \times v + u \times v' $\vspace{1ex} \\
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex}$ \dfrac{u}{v} $ & si $v(x) \neq 0$ & \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{5ex}$ \dfrac{u' \times v - u \times v'}{v^2} \vspace{1ex}$ \\
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex}$ \dfrac{1}{v} $ & si $v(x) \neq 0$ & \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{5ex}$ \dfrac{-v'}{v^2} \vspace{1ex}$ \\
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex}$ u^n $ avec $n \ge 1$ & sur $I$ & \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{5ex}$ n \times u^{\prime} \times u^{n-1} \vspace{1ex}$ \\
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex}$ \ln(u) $ & si $u(x) > 0$ & \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{5ex}$ \dfrac{u^{\prime}}{u} $\vspace{1ex} \\
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex}$ \e^{u} $ & sur $I$ & \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{5ex}$ u^{\prime} \times \e^{u} $\vspace{1ex} \\
\hline
\end{tabularx}
\end{center}

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@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
% !TeX root = prof_-_etude_de_fonction_-_2023.1.tex
\partie{Rappels : limites et asymptotes}
\sspartie{Limites des fonctions de références}
\ssspartie{Limite en $\boldsymbol{\infty}$}
\begin{center}
% \resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{%
\begin{tabular}{|>{\columncolor[HTML]{B5B5B5}}c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex}$f(x)$ & $x^n$ & $\dfrac1{x^n}$ & $\sqrt{x}$ & $\dfrac1{\sqrt{x}}$ & $e^{x}$ & $e^{ax}$ & $\ln(x)$ \\[2ex] \hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex}$\lim\limits_{x \to +\infty}f(x)=$ & $+\infty$ & $0$ & $+\infty$ & $0$ & $+\infty$ &
\begin{tabular}{lr}
$+\infty$ & si $a>0$ \\
$0$ & si $a<0$
\end{tabular} & $+\infty$ \\ \hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex}$\lim\limits_{x \to -\infty}f(x)=$
&
\begin{tabular}{lr}
$-\infty$ & si $n$ impair \\
$+\infty$ & si $n$ pair
\end{tabular}
& $0$ & non définie & non définie & $0$ &
\begin{tabular}{lr}
$0$ & si $a>0$ \\
$+\infty$ & si $a<0$
\end{tabular} & non définie \\ \hline
\end{tabular}%
% }
\end{center}
\vspace{-.2cm}
\ssspartie{Limite en $\boldsymbol{0}$}
\begin{center}
% \resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{%
\begin{tabular}{|>{\columncolor[HTML]{B5B5B5}} c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex}$f(x)$ & $\dfrac1{x^n}$ & $\dfrac1{\sqrt{x}}$ & $\ln(x)$ \\[2ex] \hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex}$\lim\limits_{\substack{x \to 0 \\ x > 0}}f(x)=$ & $+\infty$ & $+\infty$ & $-\infty$ \\[2ex] \hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex}$\lim\limits_{\substack{x \to 0 \\ x < 0}}f(x)=$
&
\begin{tabular}{lr}
$-\infty$ & si $n$ impair \\
$+\infty$ & si $n$ pair
\end{tabular}
& non définie & non définie \\ \hline
\end{tabular}%
% }
\end{center}
\vspace{-.2cm}
\ssspartie{Opérations sur les limites}
\begin{tasks}[style=itemize](4)
\task $ f $ et $ g $ sont deux fonctions ;
\task $A$ est soit $+\infty$, soit $-\infty$ ou un réel ;
\task \textsf{\textbf{F. I.}} : Forme indéterminée ;
\task \textup{*} : règle des signes.
\end{tasks}
\begin{multicols}{2}
~
\vspace{-1.3cm}
\begin{center}
% \resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{%
\begin{tabular}{|>{\columncolor[HTML]{FFFFFF}}c |c|c|c|c|c|>{\columncolor[HTML]{EFEFEF}}c|}
\hline
Si $\lim\limits_{x \to A}f(x)=$ & $\ell$ & $\ell$ & $\ell$ & $+\infty$ & $-\infty$ & {$+\infty$} \\
\hline
Si $\lim\limits_{x \to A}g(x)=$ & $\ell'$ & $+\infty$ & $-\infty$ & $+\infty$ & $-\infty$ & {$-\infty$} \\
\hline
alors $\lim\limits_{x \to A}f(x)+g(x)=$ & $\ell + \ell'$ & $+\infty$ & $-\infty$ & $+\infty$ & $-\infty$ & {\textsf{\textbf{F. I}}} \\
\hline
\end{tabular}%
% }
\end{center}
\columnbreak
\begin{center}
% \resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{%
\begin{tabular}{|>{\columncolor[HTML]{FFFFFF}}c |c|c|>{\columncolor[HTML]{EFEFEF}}c|c|}
\hline
Si $\lim\limits_{x \to A}f(x)=$ & $\ell$ & $\ell \neq0 $ & {$0$} & $\infty$ \\
\hline
Si $\lim\limits_{x \to A}g(x)=$ & $\ell'$ & $\infty$ & {$\infty$} & $\infty$ \\
\hline
alors $\lim\limits_{x \to A}f(x) \times g(x)=$ & $\ell \times \ell'$ & $\infty^{*}$ & {\textsf{\textbf{F. I.}}} & $\infty^{*}$ \\
\hline
\end{tabular}%
% }
\end{center}
\end{multicols}
\begin{center}
% \resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{%
\begin{tabular}{|>{\columncolor[HTML]{FFFFFF}}c |c|c|>{\columncolor[HTML]{EFEFEF}}c|c|c|>{\columncolor[HTML]{EFEFEF}}c|}
\hline
Si $\lim\limits_{x \to A}f(x)=$ & $\ell$ & $\ell \neq 0$ & {$0$} & $\ell$ & $\infty$ & {$\infty$} \\
\hline
Si $\lim\limits_{x \to A}g(x)=$ & $\ell' \neq 0$ & $0$ & {$0$} & $\infty$ & $\ell'$ & {$\infty$} \\
\hline
alors $\lim\limits_{x \to A}\dfrac{f(x)}{g(x)}=$ & $\dfrac{\ell}{\ell'}$ & $\infty^{*}$ & {\textsf{\textbf{F. I.}}} & $0$ & $\infty^{*}$ & {\textsf{\textbf{F. I.}}} \\
\hline
\end{tabular}%
% }
\end{center}
\sspartie{Comportement asymptotique}
\noindent
On considère une fonction $f$, sa courbe $\ronde{C}_f$, $a$ et $\ell$ des nombres réels.
\vspace{.4cm}
\begin{definition}[existence d'asymptote horizontale]
\bi
\item Lorsque $ \lim\limits_{x \to +\infty} f(x) = \ell $, on dit que la courbe $\ronde{C}_f$ admet la droite d'équation $y=\ell$ comme asymptote horizontale en $+\infty$.
\item Lorsque $ \lim\limits_{x \to a} f(x) = +\infty $, on dit que la courbe $\ronde{C}_f$ admet la droite d'équation $x=a$ comme asymptote verticale.
\item Lorsque $ \lim\limits_{x \to +\infty} f(x) - (mx+p)= \ell $, on dit que la courbe $\ronde{C}_f$ admet la droite d'équation $y=mx+p$ comme asymptote oblique en $+\infty$.
\ei
\end{definition}
\vspace{.2cm}
\noindent
On retrouve les même situations lorsque $x$ tend vers $-\infty$.
\vspace{.4cm}
% exemple
\begin{exemple}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{ccc}
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex} $f(x) = \ln(x+1)$ & \hspace{.2cm} & $g(x) = \dfrac{2}{x-3}+5$ \\
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex} \includegraphics[scale=.8]{fig4.pdf} & \hspace{.2cm} & \includegraphics[scale=1.25]{fig5.pdf} \\
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex} la droite $x=-1$ est asymptote verticale & \hspace{.2cm} & les droites $y=5$ et $x=3$ sont asymptotes horizontale et verticale \\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
~\vspace{.4cm}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{ccc}
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex} \hspace{.2cm} & $h(x) = \dfrac{x^2-3x+1}{x}$ & \hspace{.2cm} \\
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex} \hspace{.2cm} & \includegraphics[scale=.8]{fig6.pdf} & \hspace{.2cm} \\
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex} \hspace{.2cm} & la droite $y=x-3$ est asymptote oblique & \hspace{.2cm} \\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{exemple}

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% !TeX root = prof_-_etude_de_fonction_-_2023.1.tex
\newpage
\partie{Applications}
\begin{application}[calculer une dérivée]
Déterminer la fonction dérivée de chacune des fonctions sur l'intervalle donné.
\begin{tasks} (2)[]
\task\ $f_1(x) = x^2 \e^{x}$ \qquad pour $x \in \R$
\task\ $f_2(x) = 3 \ln(x) - \dfrac5{x} + 2\sqrt{x}$ \qquad pour $ x \in ]0\ ;\ +\infty[ $
\task\ $f_3 = \dfrac{5x+3}{x-4}$ \qquad pour $x \in ]-\infty\ ;\ 4[ \cup ]4\ ;\ +\infty[$
\task\ $f_4(x) = \e^{x^2-x}$ \qquad pour $x \in \R$
\task\ $f_5(x) = \ln(x^3+1)$ \qquad pour $x \in ]0\ ;\ +\infty[$
\end{tasks}
\end{application}
\vspace{.4cm}
\begin{application}[calculer une limite]
Déterminer les limites suivantes:
\begin{tasks} (4)[]
\task\ $ \lim\limits_{x \to +\infty } 5-x^2 \e^{x} $
\task\ $ \lim\limits_{\substack{ x \to 0 \\ x>0 }} \dfrac{3+x}{\ln x} $
\task\ $ \lim\limits_{\substack{ x \to -2 \\ x>-2 }} \dfrac{x^2-6x+7}{4+2x} $
\task\ $ \lim\limits_{x \to -\infty } \e^{x^2-x} $
\end{tasks}
\end{application}
\vspace{.4cm}
\begin{application}[étudier une fonction et ses asymptotes]
Soit $f$ la fonction définie sur $]-\infty\ ;\ -2[\cup]-2\ ;\ +\infty[$ par $f(x)=x+3-\dfrac1{x+2}$ et $\ronde{C}_f$ sa courbe représentative.
\begin{questions}
\item Calculer la dérivée de la fonction $f$ et étudier ses variations.
\item Déterminer les limites de $f$ aux bornes de son ensemble de définition.
\item En déduire l'existence d'une asymptote verticale et préciser son équation.
\item Montrer que la droite $D$ d'équation $y=x+3$ est asymptote oblique à la coiurbe $\ronde{C}_f$ en $-\infty$ et en $+\infty$.
\item Déterminer la position relative de $\ronde{C}_f$ et de la droite $D$. Justifier.
\end{questions}
\end{application}
\vspace{.4cm}

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\documentclass[10pt]{jl-cours}
\usepackage{asymptote}
\newcolumntype{M}[1]{>{\centering}m{#1}}
\begin{document}
\pagenumbering{arabic}
\titre{\Jd Étude de fonctions}{\Jd Étude de fonctions}
\lohead*{BTS2E}
\rofoot*{\anneescolaire}
\cofoot[\thepage]{\thepage}
\cefoot[\thepage]{\thepage}
\nskip{3}
\import{.}{partieI.tex}
\import{.}{partieII.tex}
\import{.}{partieIII.tex}
\end{document}

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// préambule asymptote
usepackage("amsmath,amssymb");
usepackage("inputenc","utf8");
usepackage("icomma");
import lib_jl;
unitsize(1cm,2cm);
xlimits(-1.25,10);
ylimits(-0.5,3.5);
xaxis(BottomTop,xmin=-1.25,xmax=10,Ticks("%",extend=true,Step=1),p=linewidth(0.5pt)+gray(0)+dotted);
yaxis(LeftRight,ymin=-0.5,ymax=3.5,Ticks("%",extend=true,Step=1),p=linewidth(0.5pt)+gray(0)+dotted);
xlimits(-1.25,10,Crop);
ylimits(-0.5,3.5,Crop);
real f(real x) {return 1/8*(x-5)^2+3/2;}
pair O=(0,0), I=(1,0), J=(0,1), A=(1,1), D=(3,0), E=(8,0), F=(3,f(3)), G=(8,f(8));
label("$O$",O,4.5000(-0.2121,-0.2121));
label("$I$",I,1.5*S);
label("$J$",J,1.5*W);
label("$A$",A, .125*NE);
filldraw(O--I--A--J--cycle, lightgray, linewidth(1pt));
path Cf=graph(f, 2.5, 8.5, n=400);
draw(Cf, linewidth(1pt));
path domaineD = buildcycle(F--D--E--G, graph(f,3,8));
fill(domaineD, pattern("hachures1"));
//draw(F--G, linewidth(1.5pt));
draw((D.x,D.y-.5)--(F.x,F.y+.5), gray(0)+dashed);
draw((E.x,E.y-.5)--(G.x,G.y+.5), gray(0)+dashed);
label("Domaine $D$", (5.5,1), fontsize(18pt), Fill(white));
label("$\int_{a}^{b} f(t)\; dt$", (5.5,.5), fontsize(18pt), Fill(white));
label("$a$", D, 1.75*S, fontsize(18pt), Fill(white));
label("$b$", E, 1.25*S, fontsize(18pt), Fill(white));
xaxis(axis=YEquals(0),xmin=-1.25,xmax=10,Ticks("%",NoZero,Step=1,Size=1mm),p=linewidth(1pt)+black,Arrow(2mm),true);
yaxis(axis=XEquals(0),ymin=-0.5,ymax=3.5,Ticks("%",NoZero,Step=1,Size=1mm),p=linewidth(1pt)+black,Arrow(2mm),true);
shipout(bbox(0.1cm,0.1cm,white));

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// préambule asymptote
usepackage("amsmath,amssymb");
usepackage("inputenc","utf8");
usepackage("icomma");
import lib_jl;
unitsize(1cm,1cm);
real xmin=-5.5, ymin=-1.5, xmax=5.5, ymax=5.5;
xlimits(xmin,xmax);
ylimits(ymin,ymax);
xaxis(BottomTop,xmin=xmin,xmax=xmax,Ticks("%",extend=true,Step=1),p=linewidth(0.5pt)+gray(0)+dotted);
yaxis(LeftRight,ymin=ymin,ymax=ymax,Ticks("%",extend=true,Step=1),p=linewidth(0.5pt)+gray(0)+dotted);
real F(real x) {return .5*(x+5)*(.5x^2+.25x+.5);}
draw(graph(F,-6,4,n=400),linewidth(1pt)+deepred+solid);
xlimits(xmin,xmax,Crop);
ylimits(ymin,ymax,Crop);
xaxis(axis=YEquals(0),xmin=xmin,xmax=xmax,Ticks("%",beginlabel=true,endlabel=true,begin=true,end=true,NoZero,Step=1,Size=1mm),p=linewidth(1pt)+black,Arrow(2mm),true);
yaxis(axis=XEquals(0),ymin=ymin,ymax=ymax,Ticks("%",beginlabel=true,endlabel=true,begin=true,end=true,NoZero,Step=1,Size=1mm),p=linewidth(1pt)+black,Arrow(2mm),true);
pair O=(0,0), I=(1,0), J=(0,1), A=(-4,0), B=(1,0), C=(-1.5,0);
labelx(Label("$O$",NoFill), 0, SW);
label("$I$",I,SE);
label("$J$",J,NW);
draw(line(A-(0,2),A+(0,2)),deepblue+pen1);
label("$a$",A,SE,deepblue);
path integrale1=buildcycle((A.x, F(A.x))--A--C--(C.x, F(C.x)),graph(F,A.x,C.x));
add("integrale1",hatch(H=.5mm,dir=NE,lightred));
fill(integrale1,pattern("integrale1"));
label(scale(.9)*"$\int_{a}^{c} f(x)\; dx$",((A.x+C.x)/2,2),deepred);
path integrale2=buildcycle((C.x, F(C.x))--C--B--(B.x, F(B.x)),graph(F,C.x,B.x));
add("integrale2",hatch(H=.5mm,dir=NW,lightgreen));
fill(integrale2,pattern("integrale2"));
label(scale(.9)*"$\int_{c}^{b} f(x)\; dx$",((C.x+B.x)/2,.5),deepgreen);
draw(line(B-(0,2),B+(0,2)),deepblue+pen1);
label("$b$",B,SW,deepblue);
draw(line(C-(0,2),C+(0,2)),deepgreen+pen1);
label("$c$",C,SW,deepgreen);
shipout(bbox(0.1cm,0.1cm,white));

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% !TeX root = prof_-_calcul_integral_-_2023_1.tex
\partie{Primitives}
\noindent
Soit les fonctions $f(x) = 2x^2 + 3x + 5$ et $F(x) = \dfrac23 x^3 + \dfrac32 x^2 + 5x + 3$, définies sur $ \mathbb{R} $.\\
\noindent
Quel lien existe entre ces deux fonctions?
\vspace{2cm}
\hrule
\sspartie{Définitions}
\noindent
Dans cette partie, on considère une fonction $f$ définie sur un intervalle $I$ de $ \mathbb{R} $.
\vspace{.4cm}
% Définition
\begin{definition}[primitive]
On dit que $ F $ est une \textbf{primitive} de $ f $ sur $ I $ lorsque $ F $ est dérivable sur $ I $ et $ F'=f $.
\end{definition}
\begin{propriete}[]
Toute fonction continue sur un intervalle $I$ admet une primitive sur cet intervalle.
\end{propriete}
\begin{application}
\vspace{-.4cm}
$ f $ est la fonction définie sur $ \R $ par $ f(x) = e^x+2 $.\\
Déterminer une primitive de la fonction $f$ sur $\R$.
\vspace{1cm}
\end{application}
\vspace{.4cm}
\begin{propriete}[primitives d'une même fonction]
Deux primitives d'une même fonction continue sur un intervalle diffèrent d'une constante.
\Cad que si $F$ est une primitive de $f$ sur $I$, alors la fonction $G_k$ définie sur $I$ par $G_k(x) = F(x) + k$ avec $k \in \mathbb{R}$ est aussi une primitive de $f$.
\end{propriete}
\vspace{.4cm}
\begin{propriete}
Soit $x_0$ et $y_0$ deux réels de $I$.\\
Il existe une unique primitive $F$ de $f$ telle que $F(x_0) = y_0$.\\
Cette valeur s'appelle une condition initiale.
\end{propriete}
\begin{application}[]
Soit la fonction $f(x) = 5x^3 - 8x^2 + \dfrac54$ définie sur $ R $.
\begin{questions}
\item Déterminer l'ensemble des primitives $F_k$, où $k \in \R$ de la fonction $f$.
\item Déterminer la primitive de la fonction $f$ prenant la valeur $25$ en $3$.
\end{questions}
\end{application}
\sspartie{Primitives des fonctions usuelles}
\begin{center}
\small
\begin{tabularx}{1\textwidth}{| >{\centering\arraybackslash}X | >{\centering\arraybackslash}X | >{\centering\arraybackslash}X |}
\hline
\textbf{Fonction $\boldsymbol{f}$} & \textbf{Une primitive $\boldsymbol{F}$} & \textbf{Sur l'intervalle $\boldsymbol{I}$}\\
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{5ex}$ f(x)=a $, $ a \in \R $ & $ F(x)=ax+C $ & $ \R $\\[2ex]
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{6ex}$ f(x)=x^n $, $ n \in \Z $ et $ n \neq -1 $ & $ F(x)=\dfrac{x^{n+1}}{n+1}+C $ & $\begin{array}{ccr}\R&\text{ si }n\in\N\\ ]-\infty\ ;\ 0[ \text{ ou } ]0\ ;\ +\infty[&\text{ si }n<0\\\end{array}$\\[3ex]
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{6ex}$ f(x)=\dfrac1{x^2} $ & $ F(x)=-\dfrac1{x} +C $ & $ ]-\infty\ ;\ 0[ $ ou $ ]0\ ;\ +\infty[ $\\[2ex]
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{6ex}$ f(x)=\dfrac1{x} $ & $ F(x)=\ln x +C $ & $ ]0\ ;\ +\infty[ $\\[2ex]
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{6ex}$ f(x)=\dfrac1{\sqrt{x}} $ & $ F(x)=2\sqrt{x} +C $ & $ ]0\ ;\ +\infty[ $\\[4ex]
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{5ex}$ f(x)=e^{x} $ & $ F(x)=e^x +C$ & $ \R $\\[2ex]
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{5ex}$ f(x)=\cos{x} $ & $ F(x)=\sin{x} +C$ & $ \R $\\[2ex]
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{5ex}$ f(x)=\sin{x} $ & $ F(x)=-\cos{x} +C$ & $ \R $\\[2ex]
\hline
\end{tabularx}
\end{center}
\vspace{.4cm}
\begin{application}[calcul de primitives (1)]
Calculer les primitives des fonctions suivantes:
\begin{tasks}(4)[style=enumerate]
\task $f(x) = x$
\task $f(x) = x^3$
\task $f(x) = 3x^5+1$
\task $f(x) = \sqrt{x}$
\task $f(x) = \dfrac1{x^2}$
\task $f(x) = \dfrac1{\sqrt{x}}$
\task $f(x) = \dfrac{-2}{x^4} + \dfrac1{\sqrt{x}}$
\task $f(x) = 7\cos x - 2\sin x$
\end{tasks}
\end{application}
\sspartie{Primitives et composition}
\begin{center}
\small
\begin{tabularx}{1\textwidth}{| >{\centering\arraybackslash}X | >{\centering\arraybackslash}X | >{\centering\arraybackslash}X |}
\hline
\textbf{Fonction $\boldsymbol{f}$} & \textbf{Une primitive $\boldsymbol{F}$ sur $\boldsymbol{I}$} & \textbf{Condition sur $\boldsymbol{u}$}\\
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{6ex}$ a\, u' $, $ a \in \R $ & $ a\, u + C $ & \\[3ex]
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{6ex}$ u'+v' $ & $ u + v + C $ & \\[3ex]
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{6ex}$ u'\, u^n $, $ n \in \Z $ et $ n \notin \{-1\; ;\ 0\} $ & $ \dfrac{u^{n+1}}{n+1}+C $ & $u(x) \neq 0 \text{ pour } x\in I \text{ si } n\le -2$\\[3ex]
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{6ex}$ \dfrac{u'}{u} $ & $ \ln(u) +C $ & $ u(x)>0,\ x \in I $\\[2ex]
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{6ex}$ \dfrac{u'}{u^2} $ & $ -\dfrac1{u} +C $ & $ u(x)\neq 0,\ x \in I $\\[2ex]
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{6ex}$ \dfrac{u'}{\sqrt{u}} $ & $ 2\sqrt{u} +C $ & $ u(x)>0,\ x \in I $\\[2ex]
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{6ex}$ u'e^{u} $ & $ e^{u} +C $ & \\[2ex]
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{6ex}$ \cos(\omega\, x + \varphi) $, $ \omega \in \R $ et $ \varphi \in \R $ & $ \dfrac1{\omega}\sin(\omega\, x + \varphi) + C $ & \\[3ex]
\hline
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{6ex}$ \sin(\omega\, x + \varphi) $, $ \omega \in \R $ et $ \varphi \in \R $ & $ -\dfrac1{\omega}\cos(\omega\, x + \varphi) + C $ & \\[3ex]
\hline
\end{tabularx}
\end{center}
\vspace{.4cm}
\begin{application}[calcul de primitives (2)]
Calculer les primitives des fonctions suivantes:
\begin{tasks}(4)[style=enumerate]
\task $ f(x) = \dfrac{2x}{x^2+1} $
\task $ f(x) = (x+1)\e^{x^2+2x+1} $
\task $ f(x) = \dfrac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+1}} $
\task $ f(x) = \cos(2x + 7) $
\task $ f(x) = \dfrac{x^3}{\left( x^4+1 \right)} $
\task $ f(x) = \sin x\, \cos^3 x $
\task $ f(x) = \tan x $
\task $ f(x) = \dfrac{\sin x}{\cos^2 x } $
\end{tasks}
\end{application}

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% !TeX root = prof_-_calcul_integral_-_2023_1.tex
\newpage
\partie{Intégration}
\sspartie{Notion d'aire}
\begin{definition}[intégrale]
On appelle intégrale de la fonction $f$ entre $a$ et $b$ est l'aire signée sous la courbe de $f$.
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=.3]{fig1.png}
\end{center}
Ceci signifie qu'on compte positivement les aires situées au-dessus de l'axe des abscisses et négativement celles situées en-dessous, puis qu'on en fait la somme.\\
\noindent
On note alors cette intégrale \(\int_{a}^{b} f(x)\; dx\) et on lira <<intégrale de \(a\) à \(b\) de \(f(x)\)>>.
\end{definition}
\noindent
$\int_{a}^{b} f(x)\; dx$ peut être interpréter comme la <<somme infinie>> des aires $f(x) \times dx$ des rectangles infinitésimaux de hauteur $f(x)$ et de largeur $dx$.
\vspace{-8pt}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}[c]{ccc}
\includegraphics[scale=.25]{fig2.png} & \hspace{.4cm} & \includegraphics[scale=.2]{fig3.png}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\begin{multicols}{2}
\noindent
Sur l'intervalle $[a\ ;\ b]$ l'aire sous la courbe est la surface du domaine hachuré $D$.\\
Cette aire est donc obtenue par calcul de \(\int_{a}^{b} f(t)\; dt\).
\noindent
L'unité d'aire est donnée par la surface du rectangle $OIAJ$.\\\\
\columnbreak
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=.6]{fig4.pdf}
\end{center}
\end{multicols}
\sspartie{Calcul d'intégrales}
\begin{propriete}[calcul d'une intégrale]
Soit $F$ une primitive de $f$ sur l'intervalle $I$. Alors: \qquad $\int_{a}^{b} f(x)\; dx = [F(x)]_{a}^{b} = F(b)-F(a)$.
\end{propriete}
\begin{remarque}
Dans l'écriture \(\int_{a}^{b} f(x)\; dx\), la lettre $x$ est une variable <<muette>>. Ainsi: $\int_{a}^{b} f(x)\; dx = \int_{a}^{b} f(y)\; dy = \int_{a}^{b} f(t)\; dt = \int_{a}^{b} f$
\end{remarque}
\medskip
\begin{propriete}[]
\begin{tasks}(3)[style=enumerate]
\task \(\int_{a}^{a} f(x)\; dx = 0 \)
\task \(\int_{a}^{b} f(x)\; dx = -\int_{b}^{a} f(x)\; dx \)
\task \(\int_{a}^{a} k\; dx = k\, \left(b-a\right) \)
\end{tasks}
\end{propriete}
\medskip
\begin{application}[calculer une intégrale depuis une primitive]
Calculer :
% Questions
\begin{tasks}(2)
\task $ A = \int_{1}^{4} \dfrac3{x^2}\; dx $
\task $ B = \int_{2}^{5} (3t^2+4t-5)\; dt $
\task $ C = \int_{-1}^{1} 2t^2-1\; dt $
\task $ D = \int_{-1}^{1} 2+e^{-2x}\; dx $
\end{tasks}
\end{application}
\sspartie{Propriétés de l'intégrale}
\begin{propriete}[relation de Chasles]
Soit \(f\) une fonction continue sur un intervalle $ I=[a\ ;\ b] $. Soit $ c $ un réel de $ I $.
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{cc}
\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{2.5ex}
\begin{minipage}{.4\textwidth}
\[
\int_{a}^{b} f(x)\; dx = \int_{a}^{c} f(x)\; dx + \int_{c}^{b} f(x)\; dx
\]
\end{minipage}
&
\begin{minipage}{.7\textwidth}
\includegraphics[scale=.7]{fig5.pdf}
\end{minipage}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{propriete}
\medskip
\begin{propriete}[linéarité]
\vspace{-.4cm}
Soient \(f\) et \(g\) deux fonctions continues sur un intervalle $ I=[a\ ;\ b] $ et $\lambda$ un réel quelconque.
\[
\int_{a}^{b} (f(x) + \lambda\, g(x))\; dx = \int_{a}^{b} f(x)\; dx + \lambda\, \int_{a}^{b} g(x)\; dx
\]
\end{propriete}
\medskip
\begin{propriete}[inégalité]
Soient \(f\) et \(g\) deux fonctions continues sur un intervalle $ I=[a\ ;\ b] $.
\begin{itemize}
\item Si pour tout $ x \in [a\ ;\ b], f(x) \geq 0 $, alors $ \int_{a}^{b} f(x)\; dx \geq 0 $ ;
\item Si pour tout $ x \in [a\ ;\ b], f(x) \geq g(x) $, alors $ \int_{a}^{b} f(x)\; dx \geq \int_{a}^{b} g(x)\; dx $.
\end{itemize}
\end{propriete}
\medskip
\begin{application}[]
\vspace{-.4cm}
\small
% Questions
\begin{questions}
\item Calculer $ \int_{1}^{e} \dfrac1{x}\; dx $.
\item
% Questions
\begin{questions}
\item Justifier que la fonction $ x \mapsto \dfrac1{x+1} $ a pour primitive sur $ ]-1\ ;\ +\infty[ $ la fonction $ x \mapsto \ln(x+1) $.\\
On admettra que la dérivée d'une fonction sous la forme $ \ln(u) $ est $ \dfrac{u'}{u} $.
\item Calculer $ \int_{1}^{e} \dfrac1{1+x}\; dx $.
\end{questions}
\item Démontrer que pour tout $ x > 0 $, $ \dfrac1{x(x+1)} = \dfrac1{x}-\dfrac1{x+1}$
\item En déduire la valeur de $ \int_{1}^{e} \dfrac1{x(x+1)}\; dx $.
\end{questions}
\end{application}
\medskip
\begin{propriete}[valeur moyenne d'une fonction sur un intervalle]
% \underline{\textbf{Graphiquement :}}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l c r}
\begin{minipage}{.4\textwidth}
\noindent
On appelle valeur moyenne de $ f $ sur $ I $ le nombre réel:
\[
m = \dfrac1{b-a}\, \int_{a}^{b} f(x)\, dx
\]\\
\noindent
L'aire sous la courbe représentative de $ f $ (en rouge ci-contre) est égale à l'aire sous la droite d'équation $ y = m $ (en bleu).
\end{minipage}
&
\hspace{.5cm}
&
\begin{minipage}{.7\textwidth}
\includegraphics[scale=.5]{fig6.pdf}
\end{minipage}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{propriete}
\medbreak

View File

@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
% !TeX root = prof_-_calcul_integral_-_2023_1.tex
\partie{Intégration par parties}
\begin{propriete}[]
\vspace{-.4cm}
Soit $ u $ et $ v $ deux fonctions dérivables sur $ [a\ ;\ b] $ de dérivées $ u' $ et $ v' $ continues, alors :
\[
\int_{a}^{b} uv'(x)\; dx = \left[ u\; v(x)\right ]_{a}^{b} - \int_{a}^{b} u'v(x)\; dx
\]
\end{propriete}
% remarque
\begin{remarque}
Le choix de $ u $ et $ v' $ est à faire judicieusement puisqu'il faut pouvoir trouver une primitive de $ u'v $.
\end{remarque}
\medskip
\begin{application}[intégration par partie]
\vspace{-.4cm}
Calculer $ \int_{0}^{1} x\e^{x}\; dx $.
%
% \noindent
% On ne peut pas trouver une primitive de $ x \mapsto x\e^{x} $ car non de la forme $ u'\e^{u} $.\\
% On intègre par partie :
%
% \[
% \begin{array}{rcl}
% u(x) = x & & u'(x) = 1 \\
% v'(x) = \e^{x} & & v(x) = \e^{x}
% \end{array}
% \]
%
% \[
% \int_{0}^{1} x\e^{x}\; dx = \left[ x\e^{x} \right]_{0}^{1} - \int_{0}^{1} \e^{x} \times 1\; dx = \left[ x\e^{x} \right]_{0}^{1} - \int_{0}^{1} \e^{x} \; dx = \left[ x\e^{x} \right]_{0}^{1} - \left[\e^{x} \right]_{0}^{1} = (\e - 0) - (\e - 1) = 1.
% \]
\end{application}
\medskip
% application
\begin{application}[déterminer une primitive]
\vspace{-.4cm}
Déterminer une primitive de $ \ln $ sur $ ]0\ ;\ +\infty[ $.
\end{application}

View File

@ -0,0 +1,623 @@
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% File : prof_-_calcul_integral_-_2023_1.tex
% Author : Jeff Lance <email@jefflance.me>
% Date : 18.08.2023 12:20:01
% Last Modified Date: 18.08.2023 12:20:01
% Last Modified By : Jeff Lance <email@jefflance.me>
\documentclass[11pt]{jl-cours}
\usepackage{cancel}
\usepackage{asymptote}
\begin{document}
\pagenumbering{arabic}
\titre{\Jd\ Calcul intégral}{\Jd\ Calcul intégral}
\lohead*{BTS2E}
\rofoot*{\anneescolaire}
Dans ce document, $ f $ est une fonction définie et continue sur un intervalle $ I=[a\ ;\ b] $ de $ \R $.
% Primitives
\import{.}{partieI.tex}
% Intégration
\import{.}{partieII.tex}
% Intégration par parties
\import{.}{partieIII.tex}
\end{document}